Bathroom lighting

Why does bathroom lighting need special attention?

The bathroom is one of the most regulated rooms in the house when it comes to electrical installations. Water and electricity are a potentially dangerous combination, making compliance with strict standards essential. Beyond safety, good lighting transforms your daily routine: shaving, applying make-up and caring for your skin require the right light to avoid cast shadows and faithfully reproduce colors.

Poorly designed lighting can create unpleasant shadows, tire the eyes and even cause accidents. Conversely, a well-thought-out lighting system improves the functionality of the space, enhances the design of your bathroom and helps create a relaxing atmosphere after a long day.

Safety zones in the bathroom: understanding volumes

Standard NF C 15-100 (French standard defining electrical installation rules in residential buildings, equivalent to European and international standards) divides the bathroom into different volumes. These zones determine which electrical equipment can be installed, and with what level of protection.

Volume 0: the most dangerous zone

Volume 0 corresponds to the interior of the bathtub or shower tray. In this zone, no electrical equipment is authorized, with the exception of equipment specifically designed for underwater operation and supplied with very low safety voltage (12V maximum). In practice, avoid all electrical equipment in this area.

Volume 1: above the bath or shower

Volume 1 extends vertically above Volume 0, up to a height of 2.25 meters. In this zone, only luminaires with a minimum protection rating of IPX4 (splashproof) may be installed. Switches and sockets are strictly forbidden. If you want to install lighting in your shower, you'll have to respect this constraint.

Volume 2: the peripheral zone

Volume 2 extends to 60 centimetres around the bath or shower, always up to a height of 2.25 metres. Luminaires must have a minimum IPX4 protection rating. Wall lights are permitted in this zone, provided they comply with this protection index. Sockets are still prohibited, but certain equipment such as Class II (double-insulated) lighting fixtures is permitted.

Volume 3: Space outside volumes

Beyond 60 centimetres from water points, you're in volume 3 or out of volume. In this zone, requirements are less stringent, but we still recommend the use of luminaires with a minimum IPX1 protection rating. This is generally the area where you'll install your main lighting, decorative sconces and recessed spotlights.

Decoding IP protection ratings: your guarantee of safety

The IP (Ingress Protection) rating is a two-digit code that's essential when choosing your bathroom fixtures. The first number indicates protection against solids (dust), the second against liquids.

The first number: protection against solids

• IP0X: no protection
• IP1X to IP4X: increasing protection against objects of various sizes
• IP5X: dust protection
• IP6X: totally dust-tight

The second number: protection against water

• IPX0: no protection
• IPX1: protection against vertical drops of water
• IPX2: protection against falling drops up to 15° from vertical
• IPX3: protection against rain
• IPX4: protection against splashing water from all directions
• IPX5: protection against water jets
• IPX6: protection against packets of water
• IPX7: protection against temporary immersion
• IPX8: protection against prolonged immersion

For a bathroom, focus on the second number. An IPX4 luminaire is suitable for volumes 1 and 2, while an IPX1 is sufficient for volume 3. Some manufacturers offer IP44 or IP65 luminaires, offering superior protection for maximum peace of mind.

Different types of bathroom lighting

Effective bathroom lighting combines several light sources to meet different needs. This layered approach creates a space that is both functional and pleasant.

General lighting: the basis of your installation

General lighting ensures uniform brightness throughout the room. It can take several forms:

Ceiling lights: a classic and effective solution, they diffuse light evenly. Choose a model adapted to the size of your bathroom. For a small bathroom (less than 6 m²), a ceiling light with 1000 to 1500 lumens is sufficient. For a large bathroom (over 10 m²), aim for 2000 to 3000 lumens.

Recessed spotlights: particularly popular in false ceilings, they offer a sleek, modern design. Provide a spotlight every 1 to 1.5 meters for even illumination. IP65 recessed LED spotlights guarantee safety and durability while limiting power consumption.

LED strip lights: economical and high-performance, they are easy to install and provide pleasant diffused light. They are an excellent option for small bathrooms or as a complement to other light sources.

Mirror lighting: the crucial element

Mirror lighting deserves special attention, as this is where you perform your precision tasks. Poor lighting creates unsightly shadows that make it difficult to shave, apply make-up or perform facial treatments.

The ideal layout: favor side lighting on both sides of the mirror, at face level. This configuration eliminates shadows under the nose, chin and eyes. If this is not possible, lighting above the mirror is an acceptable alternative, but avoid sconces that are too high and create unpleasant shadows.

Luminous mirrors: increasingly popular, these integrate lighting directly into the mirror, often with peripheral LEDs. Some models offer dimmable lighting and even adjustable color temperature, to simulate different lighting conditions (daylight, artificial light).

Recommended wattage: aim for around 500 to 700 lumens on each side of the mirror for optimum illumination. The ideal color temperature is between 3000K and 4000K, offering a good compromise between warm light and faithful color reproduction.

Accent lighting: setting the mood

Accent lighting isn't essential from a functional point of view, but it transforms your bathroom into a real space for relaxation.

LED strips: installed under furniture, around bathtubs or in wall niches, they create a soft, modern ambience. Choose LEDs with variable intensity and, if possible, color to adapt the atmosphere to your mood.

Directional spotlights: perfect for highlighting an architectural or decorative feature, such as a beautiful natural stone basin or textured wall.

Tub lighting: if you have an island or sunken bathtub, indirect lighting will create a spa-like atmosphere conducive to relaxation. Use waterproof fixtures specially designed for this purpose.

Shower lighting: safety and comfort

Shower lighting requires specific fixtures to meet the requirements of Volume 1. IP65 recessed spotlights are the most common solution. Install them out of the direct spray of the showerhead to prolong their life, while ensuring sufficient lighting to see clearly.

An interesting alternative is to use a light fixture outside the shower, but powerful enough to illuminate the interior properly, thus avoiding the constraints of volume 1. This solution works well with clear-wall showers.

Color temperature and color rendering: the importance of light

Color temperature explained

Color temperature, expressed in Kelvins (K), has a considerable influence on the ambience of your bathroom:

• 2700K to 3000K: warm, yellow-orange light, similar to traditional incandescent bulbs. It creates a warm, relaxing atmosphere, ideal for an evening bath.

• 3500K to 4000K: neutral white, balanced between warm and cool. This is generally the best choice for a bathroom, offering sufficient clarity for precision tasks while maintaining a pleasant ambience.

• 5000K to 6500K: cool white, close to daylight. Very energizing, but sometimes too clinical for a residential bathroom. Can be used for task-specific lighting.

Color rendering index (CRI)

CRI measures the ability of a light source to faithfully reproduce colors, on a scale from 0 to 100. For a bathroom, aim for a minimum CRI of 80, ideally above 90. A good CRI is crucial when it comes to make-up, choosing clothes or simply seeing your true complexion.

Today's quality LEDs offer excellent CRI (90+) while consuming very little energy. Always check this information on the packaging before purchase.

Modern, economical lighting solutions

LED technology: the current standard

LEDs (light-emitting diodes) now dominate the bathroom lighting market, and for good reason:

Energy efficiency: an LED consumes 80 to 90% less energy than an incandescent bulb for the same light output. A 10W LED is equivalent to about 60W incandescent.

Lifetime: with 25,000 to 50,000 hours of operation, LEDs last 25 to 50 times longer than conventional bulbs. In a bathroom used for 2 hours a day, an LED can last over 30 years.

Humidity resistance: LEDs withstand humidity better than other technologies, which is essential in a bathroom.

Instant ignition: unlike older low-energy bulbs, LEDs reach full illumination immediately.

Variability: many LEDs are compatible with dimmers, allowing light intensity to be adjusted according to time of day or activity.

Intelligent, connected systems

Intelligent lighting transforms the bathroom experience:

Automatic dimming: sensors adapt light intensity according to available natural light, optimizing energy consumption.

Time programming: configure soft lighting in the morning and brighter lighting in the evening, or create customized scenarios.

Presence detection: the lighting turns on automatically when you enter, practical for nocturnal visits and energy-saving.

Voice control: with voice assistants, adjust lighting without touching a switch, particularly handy when your hands are wet.

Mobile app: control all aspects of your lighting from your smartphone, create predefined moods or simulate a presence when you're away.

Calculating lighting requirements: don't undersize

To determine the lighting power required, use the lumens per square meter method. For a bathroom, the professional recommendation is 300 to 500 lumens/m².

Calculation example

For an 8 m² bathroom:

• Minimum: 8 × 300 = 2400 lumens
• Optimal: 8 × 400 = 3200 lumens
• Maximum: 8 × 500 = 4000 lumens

This total power is divided between general lighting (60-70%), mirror lighting (20-30%) and accent lighting (10-20%).

Concrete example for 8 m² with a requirement of 3200 lumens:

• General lighting: 2000 lumens (4 x 500-lumen LED spotlights or 1 equivalent ceiling light)
• Mirror lighting: 800 lumens (2 x 400-lumen sconces)
• Accent lighting: 400 lumens (LED strip light)

Remember that these values are recommendations. A bathroom with dark surfaces will need more light than one with light walls and floors, which reflect light better.

Electrical installation: respecting safety rules

The dedicated bathroom circuit

According to NF C 15-100, each bathroom must have at least one dedicated lighting circuit. This circuit must be protected by a 10A or 16A circuit breaker, depending on the number of light points. For a modern installation, consider :

• One circuit for general lighting and sconces
• Separate circuit for sockets (not in volume)
• 30mA residual current protection for the entire bathroom

Equipotential bonding

Additional equipotential bonding is mandatory in bathrooms. It consists in electrically connecting all metal elements (water pipes, radiator, metal bathtub frame) to avoid any dangerous potential difference. Even if you're just changing a luminaire, check that this connection is in place and compliant.

Switches and controls

Switches should be placed in volume 3 or, better still, outside the bathroom. If you need to install a switch indoors, choose an extra-low voltage (ELV) model or a pull switch (with cord) in authorized areas.

Dimmers must also be located away from high-risk areas, or be specifically designed for use in humid environments.

Calling in a professional

Installing or modifying an electrical circuit in a bathroom requires solid electrical skills and knowledge of current standards. If you're not a qualified electrician, call in a professional. The intervention of a certified electrician guarantees the conformity of the installation and your safety. What's more, in the event of a claim, your insurance company may refuse to pay compensation if the installation is not compliant or has been carried out by an unqualified person.

Common mistakes to avoid

Neglecting lighting power

Many bathrooms suffer from under-lighting. A single, low-power ceiling light is usually not enough. Always provide more light than you think you need - you can always use a dimmer switch to reduce the intensity.

Forget the mirror's side lighting

Lighting only above the mirror creates shadows on the face. For optimum lighting, always choose a light source on either side of the mirror, at eye level.

Choosing fixtures that are not adapted to the space available

Installing a standard luminaire in volume 1 or 2 is not only dangerous, it's also illegal. Always check the IP protection rating before purchase, and make sure it matches the intended installation volume.

Ignore color temperature

Mixing different color temperatures creates an unpleasant, unbalanced atmosphere. Choose a consistent color temperature for all your fixtures, or at least for all fixtures in the same zone.

Save on quality

Inexpensive fixtures may look attractive, but they generally don't last as long, offer poor color rendering and may even present safety risks. Invest in quality equipment, especially for high-risk areas such as volumes 1 and 2.

The importance of ventilation and lighting

Bathroom ventilation is closely linked to lighting. Excessive humidity can damage your luminaires, even those with good protection ratings. Some solutions combine lighting and ventilation:

Ceiling lights with integrated extractor: particularly practical in small, windowless bathrooms, they provide simultaneous lighting and air renewal.

Synchronization with the VMC: coupled with a humidity sensor, the VMC (Ventilation Mécanique Contrôlée, automatic ventilation system) can activate automatically and ensure that humidity doesn't build up around the luminaires.

Good ventilation extends the life of your electrical equipment and improves your daily comfort.

Aesthetic and decorative considerations

Beyond its function, lighting contributes to the style of your bathroom:

Modern, minimalist style: opt for recessed spotlights, discreet LED strip lights and sleekly designed light mirrors.

Classical or rustic style: opt for wall sconces with shades, decorative pendants (if height permits) and brass or bronze finishes.

Industrial style: exposed fixtures with black or copper metal finishes, visible LED filament bulbs and tubular structures create the desired ambience.

Spa and Zen style: rely on indirect lighting, soft-light LED strips and fixtures diffusing subdued light.

Lighting can also enhance architectural elements: a wall niche, a storage column, a natural stone wall or a particular tile can take on a whole new dimension with the right lighting.

Optimizing energy consumption

Even though LEDs are already very economical, there are a few tricks you can use to optimize your consumption even further:

Presence detectors: in secondary bathrooms or toilets, they avoid forgetting to switch off and reduce consumption by up to 30%.

Timers: particularly useful for extraction or ventilation lighting, they guarantee automatic switch-off after a set time.

Dimmers: by adapting light intensity to actual needs, they extend LED life and reduce power consumption.

Light sensors: in bathrooms with windows, they automatically adapt artificial lighting to the available natural light.

Quality LEDs: investing in efficient LEDs (100 lumens/watt or more) makes a significant difference over the long term compared with low-end LEDs (70-80 lumens/watt).

Maintaining your lighting installation

Regular maintenance ensures the performance and durability of your lighting :

Regular cleaning: dust and scale reduce luminous efficiency. Clean your fixtures every 2-3 months with a soft, slightly damp cloth. Always switch off the power supply before carrying out any work.

Check seals: for fixtures in wet areas, regularly check the condition of seals. A faulty seal compromises IP protection.

Preventive replacement: even though LEDs last a very long time, replace them as soon as they start to flicker or their intensity drops noticeably.

Ventilation control: a poorly functioning ventilation system increases humidity and accelerates the degradation of electrical components.

Conclusion

Bathroom lighting combines safety, functionality and aesthetics. By complying with safety standards relating to different volumes, choosing appropriate luminaires with the right IP protection ratings, and thinking about your lighting in layers (general, task, accent), you'll create a space that's both safe and pleasant.

Always opt for LED technology for its many advantages: energy savings, longevity, moisture resistance and light quality. Don't hesitate to invest in quality equipment, especially for high-risk areas. The initial cost will quickly be amortized by the energy savings and durability of the installations.

Finally, remember that any work on a bathroom electrical installation must strictly comply with current standards. If in doubt, always call in a qualified electrician. Your safety is priceless.

Well-designed lighting transforms your bathroom into a space where the day begins and ends, a place that's functional in the morning and relaxing in the evening.